Can I switch from the upper layer to the lower layer or from the lower layer to the upper layer whenever I want to design a two-layer pcb “via” the electrical wires?
any problem?
Of course, but to make an electrical connection between the front and the bottom layer, a hole has to be drilled through the PCB and this hole must be plated with copper. This is a completely standard operation. This hole is called a “via”.
You make a via by starting to route on one side, then press v for via, place the via, and continue drawing the track on the other side.
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To make “VIA”; how can i change the hole size and i don’t know how to coat the hole with copper
Normally you set up a few “Net classes” with “Design rules”. Fancy words, but it is just a name that is is used for a combination of PCB track width, distance between tracks, drill size of Via’s and some other related parameters.
You can make these with: Pcbnew / File / Board Setup / Design Rules / Net Classes, and then click on the plus sign to add a new net class. After that you can set the rules for that class (including via size) and you can put your nets into those net classes with the functions in the same window (On first import all nets are in the “Default” net class.
You can also edit via properties by hovering over a via and then press e for “edit”, but that is tedious for more then small changes.
If you make PCB’s at home, then copper plating the insides of via’s is near to impossible. Too much equipment needed and you have to mess both with chemicals and electrolysis. There are small rivets you can put in the holes but that’s labor intensive. However, if you order the EUR2 PCB’s from any PCB manufacturer, the via’s are a part of the standard process.
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I want to send the pcbs to a manufacturer. If I give the size I want to the holes, will it be a problem for the manufacturer?
It depends on the hole size you specify.
All manufacturers have a range of hole sizes they can make, and (decent) manufacturers list their capabilities (also for track width and other parameters) on their website.
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