How to layout parts first and then backfill a schematic?

If you ignore the layout DRC then you can copy footprints as many times as you want and design your PCB the maverick way.

Now about the schematics… do you even need it?
The link between the schematics and the layout is the netlist, generated in eeschema. It is used to create footprints in pcbnew and tell which pad should be connected to which. There is no reverse netlist generation.

If you really need an updated schematics in the end, just duplicate the diode-to-resistors in the schematics like you did in the layout!
Will you need to continue developing your board? If so, you will probably want to recreate the netlist and import it at each iteration. This is the only reason I see that would require your layout and your schematics to be consistent.

To be able to update in the eeschema->netlist->pcbnew direction you will need the component references to match. Just make sure that the L1, L2, L3… series are the same in eeschema and pcbnew before you import a new netlist. You will probably have warnings about the nets being renamed, but that’s OK.

Related thread:

Note: I haven’t tried the specific scenario I described.